Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139:1136-1139
Copyright © 1982 by American Psychiatric Association

REGULAR ARTICLES

The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia

B Reisberg, SH Ferris, MJ de Leon and T Crook

Cognitive decline associated with old age and consistent with the diagnosis of primary degenerative dementia is a unique clinical syndrome with characteristic phenomena and progression. The authors describe a Global Deterioration Scale for the assessment of primary degenerative dementia and delineation of its stages. The authors have used the Global Deterioration Scale successfully for more than 5 years and have validated it against behavioral, neuroanatomic, and neurophysiologic measures in patients with primary degenerative dementia.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. K. Kiely, H. Prigerson, and S. L. Mitchell Health Care Proxy Grief Symptoms Before the Death of Nursing Home Residents With Advanced Dementia Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, August 1, 2008; 16(8): 664 - 673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. D. Silverberg, M. Mayo, T. Saul, J. Fellmann, J. Carvalho, and D. McGuire Continuous CSF drainage in AD: Results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study Neurology, July 15, 2008; 71(3): 202 - 209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. E. Myers, A. Kluger, J. Golomb, M. A. Gluck, and S. Ferris Learning and Generalization Tasks Predict Short-Term Cognitive Outcome in Nondemented Elderly J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, June 1, 2008; 21(2): 93 - 103. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L. A. Kilik, R. W. Hopkins, D. Day, C. R. Prince, P. N. Prince, and C. Rows The Progression of Behavior in Dementia: An In-Office Guide for Clinicians American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, June 1, 2008; 23(3): 242 - 249. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. Shatenstein, M.-J. Kergoat, and I. Reid Issues in Recruitment, Retention, and Data Collection in a Longitudinal Nutrition Study of Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Early-Stage Alzheimer's Dementia Journal of Applied Gerontology, June 1, 2008; 27(3): 267 - 285. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. E. J. Mahoney and L. Peters The Mahoney Pain Scale: Examining Pain and Agitation in Advanced Dementia American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, June 1, 2008; 23(3): 250 - 261. [Abstract] [PDF]

				C. A. G. Wolfs, A. Kessels, C. D. Dirksen, J. L. Severens, and F. R. J. Verhey Integrated multidisciplinary diagnostic approach for dementia care: randomised controlled trial The British Journal of Psychiatry, April 1, 2008; 192(4): 300 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Gurvit, M. Emre, S. Tinaz, B. Bilgic, H. Hanagasi, H. Sahin, E. Gurol, J.T. Kvaloy, and H. Harmanci The Prevalence of Dementia in an Urban Turkish Population American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, March 1, 2008; 23(1): 67 - 76. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Smith, K. C. Buckwalter, H. Kang, V. Ellingrod, and S. K. Schultz Dementia-Specific Assisted Living: Clinical Factors and Psychotropic Medication Use Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, March 1, 2008; 14(1): 39 - 49. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. D'Agata and S. L. Mitchell Patterns of Antimicrobial Use Among Nursing Home Residents With Advanced Dementia Arch Intern Med, February 25, 2008; 168(4): 357 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Fleisher, S. Sun, C. Taylor, C. P. Ward, A. C. Gamst, R. C. Petersen, C. R. Jack Jr, P. S. Aisen, L. J. Thal, and For the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Volumetric MRI vs clinical predictors of Alzheimer disease in mild cognitive impairment Neurology, January 15, 2008; 70(3): 191 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Li, S. Wetten, L. Li, P. L. St. Jean, R. Upmanyu, L. Surh, D. Hosford, M. R. Barnes, J. D. Briley, M. Borrie, et al. Candidate Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms From a Genomewide Association Study of Alzheimer Disease Arch Neurol, January 1, 2008; 65(1): 45 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Mitchell A 93-Year-Old Man With Advanced Dementia and Eating Problems JAMA, December 5, 2007; 298(21): 2527 - 2536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Mosconi, M. Brys, R. Switalski, R. Mistur, L. Glodzik, E. Pirraglia, W. Tsui, S. De Santi, and M. J. de Leon From the Cover: Maternal family history of Alzheimer's disease predisposes to reduced brain glucose metabolism PNAS, November 27, 2007; 104(48): 19067 - 19072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. L. Lanctot, D. F. Hussey, N. Herrmann, S. E. Black, P. M. Rusjan, A. A. Wilson, S. Houle, N. Kozloff, N. P. L.G. Verhoeff, and S. Kapur A Positron Emission Tomography Study of 5-Hydroxytryptamine-1A Receptors in Alzheimer Disease Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, October 1, 2007; 15(10): 888 - 898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. H Feldman, R. Lane, and on behalf of the Study 304 Group Rivastigmine: a placebo controlled trial of twice daily and three times daily regimens in patients with Alzheimer's disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, October 1, 2007; 78(10): 1056 - 1063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Sammet Autonomy or protection from harm? Judgements of German courts on care for the elderly in nursing homes J. Med. Ethics, September 1, 2007; 33(9): 534 - 537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Mosconi, W. H. Tsui, A. Pupi, S. De Santi, A. Drzezga, S. Minoshima, and M. J. de Leon 18F-FDG PET Database of Longitudinally Confirmed Healthy Elderly Individuals Improves Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease J. Nucl. Med., July 1, 2007; 48(7): 1129 - 1134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Fleisher, B. B. Sowell, C. Taylor, A. C. Gamst, R. C. Petersen, L. J. Thal, and for the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Clinical predictors of progression to Alzheimer disease in amnestic mild cognitive impairment Neurology, May 8, 2007; 68(19): 1588 - 1595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Lueken, U. Seidl, L. Volker, E. Schweiger, A. Kruse, and J. Schroder Development of a Short Version of the Apathy Evaluation Scale Specifically Adapted for Demented Nursing Home Residents Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, May 1, 2007; 15(5): 376 - 385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Vahia, C. I. Cohen, A. Prehogan, and Z. Memon Prevalence and Impact of Paratonia in Alzheimer Disease in a Multiracial Sample Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, April 1, 2007; 15(4): 351 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Archer, R. G. Brown, S. J. Reeves, H. Boothby, H. Nicholas, C. Foy, J. Williams, and S. Lovestone Premorbid Personality and Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Probable Alzheimer Disease Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, March 1, 2007; 15(3): 202 - 213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J Ellul, N Archer, C M L Foy, M Poppe, H Boothby, H Nicholas, R G Brown, and S Lovestone The effects of commonly prescribed drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease on the rate of deterioration J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, March 1, 2007; 78(3): 233 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R Bech-Azeddine, P Hogh, M Juhler, F Gjerris, and G Waldemar Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: clinical comorbidity correlated with cerebral biopsy findings and outcome of cerebrospinal fluid shunting J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 2007; 78(2): 157 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Aalten, J. Jolles, M. E. de Vugt, and F. R.J. Verhey The Influence of Neuropsychological Functioning on Neuropsychiatric Problems in Dementia J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, February 1, 2007; 19(1): 50 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Slaughter, D. Cole, E. Jennings, and M. A Reimer Consent and Assent to Participate in Research from People with Dementia Nursing Ethics, January 1, 2007; 14(1): 27 - 40. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. N. Sabbagh, F. Shah, R. T. Reid, L. Sue, D. J. Connor, L. K. N. Peterson, and T. G. Beach Pathologic and Nicotinic Receptor Binding Differences Between Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer Disease, and Normal Aging Arch Neurol, December 1, 2006; 63(12): 1771 - 1776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Mittelman, W. E. Haley, O. J. Clay, and D. L. Roth Improving caregiver well-being delays nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology, November 14, 2006; 67(9): 1592 - 1599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Hye, S. Lynham, M. Thambisetty, M. Causevic, J. Campbell, H. L. Byers, C. Hooper, F. Rijsdijk, S. J. Tabrizi, S. Banner, et al. Proteome-based plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Brain, November 1, 2006; 129(Pt 11): 3042 - 3050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Mosconi, S. Sorbi, M. J. de Leon, Y. Li, B. Nacmias, P. S. Myoung, W. Tsui, A. Ginestroni, V. Bessi, M. Fayyazz, et al. Hypometabolism Exceeds Atrophy in Presymptomatic Early-Onset Familial Alzheimer's Disease J. Nucl. Med., November 1, 2006; 47(11): 1778 - 1786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Copani, J. J. M. Hoozemans, F. Caraci, M. Calafiore, E. S. Van Haastert, R. Veerhuis, A. J. M. Rozemuller, E. Aronica, M. A. Sortino, and F. Nicoletti DNA Polymerase-beta Is Expressed Early in Neurons of Alzheimer's Disease Brain and Is Loaded into DNA Replication Forks in Neurons Challenged with beta-Amyloid J. Neurosci., October 25, 2006; 26(43): 10949 - 10957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J. Visser, A. Kester, J. Jolles, and F. Verhey Ten-year risk of dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, October 10, 2006; 67(7): 1201 - 1207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Ramani, J. H. Jensen, and J. A. Helpern Quantitative MR Imaging in Alzheimer Disease Radiology, October 1, 2006; 241(1): 26 - 44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Herrmann, M. J. Rapoport, R. Sambrook, R. Hebert, P. McCracken, A. Robillard, and for the Canadian Outcomes Study in Dementia (COSID Predictors of driving cessation in mild-to-moderate dementia. Can. Med. Assoc. J., September 12, 2006; 175(6): 591 - 595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Reisberg Diagnostic Criteria in Dementia: A Comparison of Current Criteria, Research Challenges, and Implications for DSM-V J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, September 1, 2006; 19(3): 137 - 146. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. H. Friedlander, D. C. Norman, M. E. Mahler, K. M. Norman, and J. A. Yagiela Alzheimer's disease: Psychopathology, medical management and dental implications. J Am Dent Assoc, September 1, 2006; 137(9): 1240 - 1251. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F.L. Giesel, H.K. Hahn, P.A. Thomann, E. Widjaja, E. Wignall, H. von Tengg-Kobligk, J. Pantel, P.D. Griffiths, H.O. Peitgen, J. Schroder, et al. Temporal Horn Index and Volume of Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy Using a New Semiautomated Method for Rapid and Precise Assessment AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., August 1, 2006; 27(7): 1454 - 1458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Lopez-Pousa, J. G. Olmo, J. V. Franch, A. T. Estrada, O. S. Cors, I. P. Nierga, and E. Gelada-Batlle Comparative analysis of mortality in patients with Alzheimer's disease treated with donepezil or galantamine. Age Ageing, July 1, 2006; 35(4): 365 - 371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Clarfield, J. Monette, H. Bergman, M. Monette, Y. Ben-Israel, Y. Caine, J. Charles, M. Gordon, and B. Gore Enteral feeding in end-stage dementia: a comparison of religious, ethnic, and national differences in Canada and Israel. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2006; 61(6): 621 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K.A.M. Majamaa-Voltti, S. Winqvist, A. M. Remes, U. Tolonen, J. Pyhtinen, S. Uimonen, M. Karppa, M. Sorri, K. Peuhkurinen, and K. Majamaa A 3-year clinical follow-up of adult patients with 3243A>G in mitochondrial DNA Neurology, May 23, 2006; 66(10): 1470 - 1475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Martin, A. Bishop, L. Poon, and M. A. Johnson Influence of personality and health behaviors on fatigue in late and very late life. J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., May 1, 2006; 61(3): P161 - P166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. A. Jicha, J. E. Parisi, D. W. Dickson, K. Johnson, R. Cha, R. J. Ivnik, E. G. Tangalos, B. F. Boeve, D. S. Knopman, H. Braak, et al. Neuropathologic outcome of mild cognitive impairment following progression to clinical dementia. Arch Neurol, May 1, 2006; 63(5): 674 - 681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Li, J. Li, S. Segal, J. Wegiel, S. De Santi, J. Zhan, and M.J. de Leon Hippocampal cerebrospinal fluid spaces on MR imaging: Relationship to aging and Alzheimer disease. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., April 1, 2006; 27(4): 912 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V Jelic, M Kivipelto, and B Winblad Clinical trials in mild cognitive impairment: lessons for the future J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, April 1, 2006; 77(4): 429 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. de Vugt, J. Jolles, L. van Osch, F. Stevens, P. Aalten, R. Lousberg, and F. R. J. Verhey Cognitive functioning in spousal caregivers of dementia patients: findings from the prospective MAASBED study Age Ageing, March 1, 2006; 35(2): 160 - 166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. E. Geda, D. S. Knopman, D. A. Mrazek, G. A. Jicha, G. E. Smith, S. Negash, B. F. Boeve, R. J. Ivnik, R. C. Petersen, V. S. Pankratz, et al. Depression, apolipoprotein e genotype, and the incidence of mild cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study. Arch Neurol, March 1, 2006; 63(3): 435 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Reisberg, R. Doody, A. Stoffler, F. Schmitt, S. Ferris, and H. J. Mobius A 24-Week Open-Label Extension Study of Memantine in Moderate to Severe Alzheimer Disease Arch Neurol, January 1, 2006; 63(1): 49 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. L. Lilly and M. R. Farlow Rivastigmine: An Open-Label Observational Study of Behavioral Symptoms Identified as Most Troubling by Caregivers of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, October 1, 2005; 11(5): 293 - 297. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P J Visser, P Scheltens, and F R J Verhey Do MCI criteria in drug trials accurately identify subjects with predementia Alzheimer's disease? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, October 1, 2005; 76(10): 1348 - 1354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. D. Sloane, S. Zimmerman, A. L. Gruber-Baldini, J. R. Hebel, J. Magaziner, and T. R. Konrad Health and Functional Outcomes and Health Care Utilization of Persons With Dementia in Residential Care and Assisted Living Facilities: Comparison With Nursing Homes Gerontologist, October 1, 2005; 45(suppl_1): 124 - 134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. H. Feldman and M. Woodward The staging and assessment of moderate to severe Alzheimer disease Neurology, September 27, 2005; 65(6_suppl_3): S10 - S17. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. R. Farlow The search for disease modification in moderate to severe Alzheimer disease: A critical review of current evidence Neurology, September 27, 2005; 65(6_suppl_3): S25 - S30. [Full Text]

				G. Berger, T. Bernhardt, E. Weimer, J. Peters, T. Kratzsch, and L. Frolich Longitudinal Study on the Relationship Between Symptomatology of Dementia and Levels of Subjective Burden and Depression Among Family Caregivers in Memory Clinic Patients J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, September 1, 2005; 18(3): 119 - 128. [Abstract] [PDF]

				O. Guerin, S. Andrieu, S. M Schneider, M. Milano, R. Boulahssass, P. Brocker, and B. Vellas Different modes of weight loss in Alzheimer disease: a prospective study of 395 patients Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2005; 82(2): 435 - 441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

F. Panza, A. D'Introno, A. M. Colacicco, C. Capurso, A. Del Parigi, R. J. Caselli, A. Pilotto, G. Argentieri, P. L. Scapicchio, E. Scafato, et al. Current Epidemiology of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Other Predementia Syndromes Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, August 1, 2005; 13(8): 633 - 644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]